Which physiological factors can contribute to spatial disorientation?

The correct response highlights that alcohol and mental fatigue are significant physiological factors that can lead to spatial disorientation. Alcohol can impair cognitive functions and sensory perception, which are critical when flying. It affects the vestibular system, which is responsible for balance and spatial orientation. Mental fatigue can diminish a pilot’s ability to process information and respond to situational changes, making it challenging to maintain proper spatial awareness. Both factors can significantly disrupt a pilot's judgment and reaction time, increasing the risk of disorientation in flight.

Rest and hydration, while important for overall performance, do not directly contribute to spatial disorientation. Similarly, caloric intake and exercise can affect physical readiness and overall health but are less directly linked to spatial disorientation issues in the cockpit. Altitude and temperature can influence flight characteristics or comfort but are not physiological factors that inherently cause spatial disorientation. Thus, the combination of alcohol and mental fatigue is particularly critical when considering factors that directly impact a pilot's cognitive abilities and sensory processing in flight.