Which conditions are likely to exacerbate the effects of spatial disorientation?

Fatigue and dehydration significantly impair cognitive functions, which can increase the susceptibility to spatial disorientation. When an individual is fatigued, their reaction time slows, decision-making abilities decline, and overall situational awareness diminishes. Dehydration further exacerbates these issues, affecting concentration and the ability to process information effectively. Both conditions increase the likelihood of a pilot misinterpreting sensory inputs, leading to disorientation.

Strong cabin pressure and extreme temperatures can have physiological effects on a pilot, but they do not have the same direct impact on cognitive ability as fatigue and dehydration. Similarly, reduced visibility can lead to challenges in perception and navigation, but again, it is the cumulative effect of fatigue and dehydration that significantly heightens the risk of spatial disorientation in critical flying situations. Therefore, the correct answer highlights the importance of maintaining physical and mental well-being to combat the risks associated with spatial disorientation during flight.